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Silvopasture Research: Trees & Biodiversity on Washington Farms & Ranches
A large portion of the world’s forests have been cut or degraded by human activity, which creates an obvious and urgent need to restore forests and plant and integrate trees into diverse landscapes used by humans. Silvopasture is a form of agroforestry that blends trees, forage, and managed grazing of domestic animals to provide economic benefits to land managers from farm animals and tree crops while simultaneously producing beneficial ecosystem services such as habitat for biodiversity, erosion control, improved air and water quality, carbon capture, and other environmental benefits (e.g., bird, insect, pollinator habitats). Recently, researchers in the WSU School of the Environment, the Department of Crops and Soil Science, WSU Extension, and Agroforestry Northwest collaborated on a baseline assessment of the use and goals of silvopasture among landowners in Washington State. Their publication in the journal, Agroforestry Systems, reports some of the dissertation research conducted by recent SoE doctoral student, Mark Batcheler, along with co-investigators, Drs. Marcia Ostrom, Lynne Carpenter-Boggs, Mark Swanson, and WSU Extension Forester, Patrick Shults and Carrie Brausieck from Agroforestry Northwest. Their work discovered that many different combinations of trees, forage, and livestock were being used by landowners pursuing silvopasture, and consequently, more work is needed to better determine how to develop best land management practices and determine the ecological effects of silvopasture. Considering the future challenges that climate change poses for farmers, ranchers, and people in all walks of life, including those living in increasingly hot city environments, research in agroforestry and urban forestry will play an increasingly important role in helping to design systems to better integrate trees into human-dominated landscapes and provide a wide range of environmental benefits. For more information, see: Journal – Agroforestry Systems: Design and application of silvopasture in washington state USDA Forest Service: Silvopasture |
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Invasive Asian Clam Research in the Columbia River
The widespread occurrence of invasive aquatic species throughout the world is particularly troubling because of their substantial economic and ecological consequences and the extreme difficulty of achieving effective remedial management actions once an invasion has taken place. Some invasive bivalves (e.g., clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, etc.), such as zebra mussels and quagga mussels, are notorious for their explosive reproductive ability and potentially negative impacts on water quality, other native aquatic species, and potentially extensive damage caused by clogging pipes and other aquatic infrastructure. The ecology of invasive aquatic species is a major concern in the Columbia River Basin given that the Columbia River and its tributary rivers (e.g., the Snake River) drain nearly 260,000 mi.2 including large portions of British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, and smaller portions of Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. Recently, researchers in the WSU School of the Environment, including former graduate student, Salvador Robb-Chavez, and Drs. Stephen Bollens and Gretchen Rollwagen-Bollens, and their colleague Timothy Counihan from the U.S. Geological Survey, reported their findings about habitat associations of the invasive Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) in the lower Columbia River in the journal International Review of Hydrobiology. The researchers sampled nearly 300 miles of the Columbia River from the ocean and upstream to Richland, Washington, and found that invasive Asian clams were widespread and successful in many habitats despite variation in water temperature, water quality, and substrates (sand, silt, rock). While initial invasions of clams likely originated from international shipping transportation and dumping of ballast water from ships, humans may play a significant role in advancing invasions into new areas by accidentally or purposely introducing invasive species into other aquatic reaches and habitats (e.g., transport on boat hulls and trailers; releasing or discarding aquarium pets, fish, etc.). Aquatic ecology studies such as these by WSU School of the Environment researchers are valuable in describing environmental factors influencing the ultimate distribution of invasive bivalves (e.g., limiting cold water temperatures) and their potential impacts on the ecology and conservation of native aquatic species. See Video: KGW8 (Study looks at numbers of invasive Asian clams in the Columbia River) See full story at: WSU Insider See publication: International Review of Hydrobiology See: Aquatic Ecology Lab – Washington State University – Vancouver |
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Video & Story: Pygmy Rabbit Research
This summer, KCTS 9, a local affiliate of PBS, highlighted some of the research being conducted on pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) by Dr. Lisa Shipley, Professor, WSU School of the Environment, and her colleague, Dr. Janet Rachlow, Dept. Head, Fish and Wildlife Sciences, Univ. of Idaho. See more… |
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Video & Story: Invasive Asian Clams in the Columbia River
To view a short video followup to the stories on research being conducted by WSU School of the Environment faculty and graduate students on invasive Asian clams in the Columbia River you may watch the recent video story by KGW8 news in Portland, Oregon. See more… |
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A Summer of Heat, Flooding, Fire, and Smoke
This summer, the dramatic summer of 2023, will go down as one of many markers of increasingly widespread and frequent effects of climate heating and climate catastrophe. It is news to virtually no-one that this past July appears to be the hottest month recorded on Earth since instrument measurements began (see: Axios), and even possibly, for about the last 125,000 years. See more… |
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Climate Refuge? Canada Lynx in Glacier National Park
Canada lynx are well known as a relatively specialist predator, well adapted to hunt in deep snow and prey upon snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). The up and down population cycles of snowshoe hare followed by Canada lynx provide ecology students with a classic example of coupled predator-prey cycles. Canada lynx are a cold-adapted species and occur at the southern limits of their distribution in the contiguous United States. Consequently, Glacier National Park (GNP) is important as a large protected area harboring lynx, but the species has been difficult to census and accurately determine population status. Recently, Alissa K. Anderson, former SoE graduate student, Dr. Dan Thornton, Director of the Mammal Spatial Ecology & Conservation Lab, and their colleague, John S. Waller, used an extensive system of photographic camera traps to automatically and remotely capture photos of animals using trails and habitats with the Park. By identifying individuals through unique leg markings and by carefully modeling the population via repeated sightings of individuals, researchers were able to estimate that GNP contained about 52 individuals and at a density of about 1.3/100 km2. Because of the warming and range-shifting impacts of climate change, they concluded that GNP is potentially an important site to maintain future lynx populations in the United States as well as monitor their population to determine conservation status. See full story at: WSU Insider See publication: The Journal of Wildlife Management – Canada lynx occupancy and density in Glacier National Park |
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Canary in the Forest? Dieback of Western Redcedar in the Pacific Northwest
A team of SoE researchers are part of a group of scientists looking at how climate variability is affecting increasing tree mortality and extensive canopy dieback for the western redcedar (Thuja plicata), a large and iconic tree species in the Pacific Northwest, . Drs. Robert Andrus, Arjan Meddens, Kevan Moffett, and Henry Adams along with doctoral student, L. Peach and other colleagues from Washington State University and elsewhere used tree ring analysis to identify climate and environmental factors associated with tree mortality, canopy dieback, and growth rates. They discovered that tree mortality was often preceded by 4-5 years of declining radial growth and was associated with warmer and drier conditions in May and June, which extended the normal summer dry season. For interior populations, tree mortality coincided with warmer, drier conditions from August to September. The implications of their findings are not good for sensitive trees in Pacific Northwest forests, which are a large carbon sink, but are facing a warming climate and more severe droughts. Dr. Henry Adams suspects that forests in the Pacific Northwest could be entering a “tipping point” leading to even more deaths because of ongoing climate change and shifting environmental conditions (see: Columbia Insight). View a Publication Pre-print: Canary in the Forest? |
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Doctoral Candidate, Dmitri Kalashnikov, Wins AGU and AMS Presentation Awards:
SoE doctoral student, Dmitri Kalashnikov, a NASA FINESST fellow, has recently received three awards for outstanding presentations at scientific conferences. These include the “Outstanding Student Presentation Award” for 2022 from the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and two additional awards for student oral presentations at the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting 2023 . The AGU award was for Dmitri’s presentation “How dry is “dry” lightning? Quantifying precipitation amounts associated with lightning-caused wildfire ignition across the western U.S.” while the the AMS awards were for the presentations “Climatology and driving atmospheric patterns of widespread dry lightning outbreaks in central and northern California” as well as for a second paper presented at the associated AMS – 14th Conference on Environment and Health, “Increasing co-occurrence of fine particulate matter and ground-level ozone extremes in the western United States (see: abstract). All of these scientific presentations are based on Dmitri’s dissertation research on the interplay of meteorological conditions, physical drivers, and impacts of dry thunderstorms in the western U.S., which are a major source of wildfire ignitions and associated air pollutants (e.g., fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone). Dmitri works in the Climate Extremes Lab of SoE faculty member, Dr. Deepti Singh, and his dissertation research is funded by the NASA Future Investigators in Earth and Space Sciences Program. For more information, see: Climate Extremes Lab |
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Human Disturbance and the Landscape Ecology of Fear
A recent SoE study of the effects of low-level human recreational activities (e.g., hiking) on the behavior of wildlife during the partial COVID-19 lockdown of Glacier National Park in 2020 is generating considerable interest among the public and for agencies managing natural landscapes (i.e., parks, forests, conservation areas). The study, conducted by Alissa K. Anderson, SoE graduate student, Dr. Dan Thornton, Director of the Mammal Spatial Ecology & Conservation Lab, and their colleague, John S. Waller from the National Park Service., used automated photographic surveys conducted by camera-trap sampling to document areas along hiking trails used by both humans and a wide variety of animals. They found consistent negative effects of human presence on many wildlife species, including large carnivores (e.g., cougars, grizzly bears, wolves), medium-size or meso-carnivores (e.g., lynx), or herbivores (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk). The temporary COVID-19 lockdown provided a so-called “natural experiment” on the effects of human activities on wildlife that would otherwise be quite difficult to conduct over such a large area as a national park. The study helps illustrate that additional research would be helpful to better understand how the timing, intensity, or type of human disturbance can subtly affect behavior of different species of wildlife and thereby guide better conservation and management strategies, particularly given a broad pattern of increasing human presence and recreation on public lands. Full story at: WSU Insider |
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Bug Splat Ecology:
You may have heard about the “Insect Apocalypse” or possibly the “Colony Collapse Disorder” of honey bees, but you may not know that if you drive or ride in a vehicle, your car could be used as a “splatometer” to measure changes in insect abundance. See: SoE Feature Story – Bug Splat Ecology |
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Droning On in Higher Education: Combining Field and Virtual Ecology With Our Own “Dr. Bill”
When is a university lecture not really a lecture? One answer to that question is when you’re taking a course in ecology in the School of the Environment and find yourself out in the field or talking to Dr. William Schlosser, or “Dr. Bill” as students affectionately like to call him. Lectures just seem more like friendly, excited conversations when you’re with Dr. Bill and studying the ecology of plants, animals, and their supporting ecosystems. One of the defining features of university courses for majors in the School of the Environment is a heavy dose of get-your-hands-dirty fieldwork, field trips, and studies conducted in outdoor settings and natural areas. However, unless your class is a relatively small handful of students, arranging for transportation, housing, meals, etc., for larger numbers of people can be difficult. Plus, accessibility is a major concern to make sure that everyone has an equal opportunity to participate in field trips and outdoor studies. And what do you do if the weather just happens to be especially bad during a scheduled field trip? Dr. Bill addresses these challenges by developing a blended approach to his large and popular class in general ecology by using technology, such as drones and wildlife camera traps, to engage students and help them more fully experience the wonders of the natural world during semester-long projects at the unique quartz-dome ecosystem found at nearby Kamiak Butte County Park. See: WSU Insider |
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Using Drones to Count Salmon Nests:
Daniel Auerbach, doctoral student, and Dr. Alex Fremier of the WSU School of the Environment report that drones can be used effectively to count salmon nest sites (redds) in streams in a new paper published in River Research and Applications. They counted potential redds for Chinook salmon in the Wenatchee River (WA, USA) and found that aerial counts frequently identified twice the number of redds as reported by ground surveys. See: WSU Insider |
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Nature Geoscience: Dams, Reservoirs, & Methane Emissions
Dr. John Harrison, Professor in the School of the Environment at WSU Vancouver, and the colleagues he works with are concerned about greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoirs created behind the thousands of dams worldwide. In a recent study published in Nature Geoscience, this investigative team analyzed data from 9,000 reservoirs on 5 continents to determine their CO2 and methane emissions from 1900 to 2060. They discovered that while carbon dioxide emissions are decreasing from reservoirs as they age, methane emissions are increasing, which will likely increase the impact of reservoirs on climate change because of the powerful warming effect of methane. But can anything be done about these methane emissions? John says, yes, by changing the way water is withdrawn from the reservoir for turbines or spillways, it may be possible to reduce these emissions. A WSU research team will be looking at water management strategies and ecosystem properties in a series of reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. See: WSU Insider |
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Nature Communications: Watching Trees Die
Climate change is challenging the conservation and management of global forests through rapidly shifting patterns of fire and intense heat and drought. In a recent paper in the journal, Nature Communications, our Dr. Henry Adams joined other forest ecology researchers to analyze global forest die-off events. Using climate model data they documented at what point increased heat and drought was associated with forest death. See: WSU Insider |
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Scientific Reports: Are Bears Really Carnivores?
After seeing so many pictures of brown bears catching salmon in Alaskan rivers, many people might naturally think that all bears are carnivores and eat a diet heavy in meat and protein. However, in a new study published in Scientific Reports, Dr. Charles T. Robbins, wildlife biology professor in the School of the Environment, and his colleagues report that bears are omnivores like humans and captive bears often preferred diets mimicking nutritional characteristics of their natural diets in the wild. See: WSU Insider |
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Environmental Research: Climate – Dry Lightening & Western Wildfires
Dmitri Kalashnikov, doctoral student in the School of the Environment, Vancouver, and Dr. Deepti Singh, and their colleagues recently analyzed the climatology of dry lightning in central and northern California in an open access paper published in Environmental Research: Climate. Using records from 1987-2020 for daily lightning and precipitation observations, they reanalyzed atmospheric and meteorological conditions and learned that about 46% of all lightning during the warm season (May-Oct.) was dry lightning. Their hope is that better understanding of the meteorology of dry lightning in this region can help forecast wildfire ignitions and improve wildfire risk assessment in climate projections. See: WSU Insider |
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Survival of Mule Deer Fawns in SE Washington
Rebecca Lumkes, graduate student in the School of the Environment, and Dr. Lisa Shipley, have been studying how agriculture and federal conservation programs are affecting the use of habitat for mule deer in SE Washington State. By tracking the movements of radio-collared does, Lumkes is able to document spatial and ecological features of habitats used by mule deer, especially during the critical fawning season. See: WSU Insider |
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Science Advances: Air Pollution from Western Wildfires
Dmitri Kalashnikov, WSU doctoral student, and Dr. Deepti Singh, reported in the journal, Science Advances, that the co-occurrence of multiple air pollutants from western wildfires increased significantly between 2001 – 2020 for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone. Air pollution is a critical and increasing global health problem and has substantial negative effects on humans and natural ecosystems. See: WSU Insider |
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Science: How Cars Kill Salmon
When people think about salmon dying before they can return from the ocean and swim back upstream into rivers and streams to spawn, they might think about dams, stream-blocking culverts, or agricultural runoff, but probably not the tires on their vehicles. But they should according to Dr. Jenifer McIntyre, School of the Environment, stationed in Puyallup. The puzzling deaths of Coho salmon in streams before they could spawn was a major environmental mystery until Dr. McIntyre and her colleagues discovered that a highly toxic chemical (6PPD-quinone) coming from tire wear particles was the likely culprit. Now the hunt is on for safer chemicals to protect tires from ozone but also vulnerable salmon in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. |
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Frontiers in Environmental Science: Generating Enthusiasm for Science in High School Students
Dr. Gretchen Rollwagen-Bollens, School of the Environment, Vancouver, worked with colleagues from Washington State University to establish the Columbia River Estuary Science Education and Outreach (CRESCENDO) Project to engage students from five public high schools in scientific research. High school students were enthusiastic about working with university scientists, collecting and contributing “real” data to a study (e.g., water samples, salinity and temperature measurements, plankton samples, etc.), and working outdoors in a science class. This project illustrated the value of place-based education and using local environments to help students study the natural world. Not surprisingly (to us in SoE anyway), Gretchen and her colleagues found that many students increased their ecological knowledge and understanding of scientific research by participating in this project and suggests that university-school partnerships can benefit many students and perhaps increase interest in STEM disciplines. |
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Video Interview: Western Wildfires Affect Midwestern Severe Weather
Dmitri Kalashnikov, Ph.D. Candidate in the WSU School of the Environment, was recently asked to comment on a new study that reported that western wildfires can influence severe weather much farther away in the Central U.S. See: New study finds significant impacts from western wildfires on severe weather in Central US [Photo credit: Sky filled with smoke from fires in Washington State. By R. Sayler.] |
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Tipping Points for Pacific Northwest Forests?
As climate change and the effects of heat, drought, fires, insects, and disease increase in the Pacific Northwest, an iconic tree may be showing the effects of climate stress. A recent article in The Columbian tells the story of mysterious deaths being observed for the Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) here in the Pacific Northwest. Dr. Henry Adams, School of the Environment, and other researchers from Washington State University, Portland State University, Reed College, and elsewhere are quoted in the article and discuss observations and implications of tree mortality. See: The Columbian – Has this iconic Northwest tree reached a tipping point? [Photo credits: Western red cedar in Vancouver. Source: Wikipedia. Author: abdallahh. License: CC BY 2.0] |
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Landscape Ecology & Conservation of Wild Cats and Large-Mammals
One of the most popular news stories at Washington State University in 2021 and continuing to the present is the work of graduate students in the Mammal Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab of Dr. Daniel Thornton. More than 423 million potential readers, viewers, and subscribers of several news publications were treated to a popular science news story showing rare footage of a jaguar killing an ocelot at a waterhole in the Maya Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala. Lucy Perera-Romero, doctoral student in the School of the Environment, published these observations in the journal Biotropica to highlight the competition for limited resources (e.g., watering holes) that may occur among carnivores and other large animals, especially as climate change and human land use and development affect natural ecosystems. The spatial and landscape ecology of mid-large sized animals is increasingly studied over large geographic areas using camera traps and other techniques to identify and non-invasively census wildlife species and generate what are called habitat occupancy models to identify ecological factors influencing animal distributions. Several new study results from this SoE research lab will soon be published on ocelots, jaguars, Canadian lynx, Baird’s tapir, giant anteater, and other species and we will continue to highlight them in SoE Science News. See: WSU Insider [photo credit: By MarcusObal – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2739854] |
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